Download CCNA -Cisco Certified Network Associate.Lead2Pass.200-301.v22-053.2023-11-09.1e.503q.vcex

Most traditional devices use a distributed architecture, in which each control plane is resided in a networking device. Therefore they need to communicate with each other via messages to work correctly.
In contrast to distributed architecture, centralized (or controller-based) architectures centralizes the control of networking devices into one device, called SDN controller -> Answer D is correct.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/ipapp_fhrp/configuration/xe-16/fhp-xe-16-book/fhp-hsrp-mgo.html

The reported distance (or advertised distance) is the cost from the neighbor to the destination. It is calculated from the router advertising the route to the network. For example in the topology below, suppose router A & B are exchanging their routing tables for the first time. Router B says "Hey, the best metric (cost) from me to IOWA is 50 and the metric from you to IOWA is 90" and advertises it to router A.
Router A considers the first metric (50) as the Advertised distance. The second metric (90), which is from NEVADA to IOWA (through IDAHO), is called the Feasible distance.

     

The reported distance is calculated in the same way of calculating the metric. By default (K1 = 1, K2 = 0, K3 = 1, K4 = 0, K5 = 0), the metric is calculated as follows:

     

-> Answer A is not correct.
Feasible successor is the backup route. To be a feasible successor, the route must have an Advertised distance (AD) less than the Feasible distance (FD) of the current successor route -> Answer B is correct.
Feasible distance (FD): The sum of the AD plus the cost between the local router and the next-hop router.
The router must calculate the FD of all paths to choose the best path to put into the routing table.
Note: Although the new CCNA exam does not have EIGRP topic but you should learn the basic knowledge of this routing protocol.

OSPF uses the following criteria to select the router ID:
Manual configuration of the router ID (via the "router-id x.x.x.x" command under OSPF router configuration mode).
Highest IP address on a loopback interface.
Highest IP address on a non-loopback and active (no shutdown) interface.

There are three main types of 802.11 frames: the Data Frame, the Management Frame and the Control Frame. Association Response belongs to Management Frame. Association response is sent in response to an association request.

NAT use four types of addresses:
Inside local address - The IP address assigned to a host on the inside network. The address is usually not an IP address assigned by the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) or service provider. This address is likely to be an RFC 1918 private address.
Inside global address - A legitimate IP address assigned by the InterNIC or service provider that represents one or more inside local IP addresses to the outside world.
Outside local address - The IP address of an outside host as it is known to the hosts on the inside network.
Outside global address - The IP address assigned to a host on the outside network. The owner of the host assigns this address.

JSON data is written as name/value pairs.
A name/value pair consists of a field name (in double quotes), followed by a colon, followed by a value:
"name":"Mark"
JSON can use arrays. Array values must be of type string, number, object, array, boolean or null..
For example:
{
"name":"John",
"age":30,
"cars":[ "Ford", "BMW", "Fiat" ]
}

Administrative distance is the feature used by routers to select the best path when there are two or more different routes to the same destination from different routing protocols. Administrative distance defines the reliability of a routing protocol.