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After detecting a compromised email server and unusual network traffic, the next step in incident response is containment, to prevent further damage or spread of the compromise. References: CompTIA CySA+ Study, Chapter 5: Incident Response, page 197.Guide: Exam CS0-003, 3rd Edition

Eradication is a step in the incident response process that involves removing any traces or remnants of the incident from the affected systems or networks, such as malware, backdoors, compromised accounts, or malicious files. Eradication also involves restoring the systems or networks to their normal or secure state, as well as verifying that the incident is completely eliminated and cannot recur. In this case, the analyst is remediating items associated with a recent incident by isolating the vulnerability and actively removing it from the system. This describes the eradication step of the incident response process.

Implementing input validation is the best way to mitigate the buffer overflow vulnerability at the application level. Input validation is a technique that checks the data entered by users or attackers against a set of rules or constraints, such as data type, length, format, or range. Input validation can prevent common web application attacks such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), or command injection, which exploit the lack of input validation to execute malicious code or commands on the server or the client side. By validating the input before allowing submission, the web application can reject or sanitize any malicious or unexpected input, and protect the application from being compromised12. References: How to detect, prevent, and mitigate buffer overflow attacks - Synopsys, How to mitigate buffer overflow vulnerabilities | Infosec

The correct answer is D. MITRE ATT&CK. MITRE ATT&CK is a framework that maps the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) of various threat actors and groups, based on real-world observations and data. MITRE ATT&CK can help a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) to map all the attack vectors that the company faces each day, as well as to align their security controls around the most relevant and prevalent threats. MITRE ATT&CK can also help the CISO to assess the effectiveness and maturity of their security posture, as well as to identify and prioritize the gaps and improvements . The other options are not the best recommendations for mapping all the attack vectors that the company faces each day. OSSTMM (Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual) (A) is a methodology that provides guidelines and best practices for conducting security testing and auditing, but it does not map the TTPs of threat actors or groups. Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis (B) is a model that analyzes the relationships and interactions between four elements of an intrusion: adversary, capability, infrastructure, and victim. The Diamond Model can help understand the characteristics and context of an intrusion, but it does not map the TTPs of threat actors or groups. OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project) © is a project that provides resources and tools for improving the security of web applications, but it does not map the TTPs of threat actors or groups.

An information sharing organization is a group or network of organizations that share threat intelligence, best practices, or lessons learned related to cybersecurity issues or incidents. An information sharing organization can help security analysts learn about new ransomware campaigns or other emerging threats, as well as get recommendations or guidance on how to prevent, detect, or respond to them. An information sharing organization can also help security analysts collaborate or coordinate with other organizations in the same industry or region that may face similar threats or challenges.

Deploying an additional layer of access controls to verify authorized individuals is the best compensating control for the authentication vulnerability that could bypass the primary control. A compensating control is a security measure that is implemented to mitigate the risk of a vulnerability or a threat when the primary control is not sufficient or feasible. A compensating control should provide a similar or greater level of protection as the primary control, and should be closely related to the vulnerability or the threat it is addressing1. In this case, the primary control is to restrict access to a sensitive database, and the vulnerability is an authentication bypass. Therefore, the best compensating control is to deploy an additional layer of access controls, such as multifactor authentication, role-based access control, or encryption, to verify the identity and the authorization of the individuals who are accessing the database. This way, the compensating control can prevent unauthorized access to the database, even if the primary control is bypassed23. Running regular penetration tests, conducting regular security awareness training, and implementing intrusion detection software are all good security practices, but they are not compensating controls for the authentication vulnerability, as they do not provide a similar or greater level of protection as the primary control, and they are not closely related to the vulnerability or the threat they are addressing. References: Compensating Controls:An Impermanent Solution to an IT … - Tripwire, What is Multifactor Authentication (MFA)? | Duo Security, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and Role-Based Security, [What is a Penetration Test and How Does It Work?]

A digital certificate is a document that contains the public key and identity information of a web server, and is signed by a trusted third-party authority called a certificate authority (CA). A digital certificate allows the web server to establish a secure connection with the clients using the HTTPS protocol, and also verifies the authenticity of the web server. A self-signed certificate is a digital certificate that is not signed by a CA, but by the web server itself. A self-signed certificate can cause issues with the website, as it may not be trusted by the clients or their browsers. Clients may receive warnings or errors when trying to access the website, indicating that the site could not be trusted or that the connection is not secure. Official References:https://www.comptia.org/blog/the-new-comptia-cybersecurity-analyst-your-questions-answeredhttps://partners.comptia.org/docs/default-source/resources/comptia-cysa-cs0-002-exam-objectiveshttps://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/quiz/Sample-CompTIA-CySA-test-questions-with-answers

Increasing training and awareness for all staff is the best way to address the issue of employees being enticed to assist attackers by visiting specific websites and running downloaded files when prompted by phone calls. This issue is an example of social engineering, which is a technique that exploits human psychology and behavior to manipulate people into performing actions or divulging information that benefit the attackers. Social engineering can take many forms, such as phishing, vishing, baiting, quid pro quo, or impersonation. The best defense against social engineering is to educate and train the staff on how to recognize and avoid common social engineering tactics, such as:Verifying the identity and legitimacy of the caller or sender before following their instructions or clicking on any links or attachments Being wary of unsolicited or unexpected requests for information or action, especially if they involve urgency, pressure, or threats Reporting any suspicious or anomalous activity to the security team or the appropriate authority Following the organization’s policies and procedures on security awareness and best practices Official References:https://partners.comptia.org/docs/default-source/resources/comptia-cysa-cs0-002-exam-objectiveshttps://www.comptia.org/certifications/cybersecurity-analysthttps://www.comptia.org/blog/the-new-comptia-cybersecurity-analyst-your-questions-answered

A vulnerability that is related to a specific adversary campaign, with IoCs found in the SIEM, should have the highest priority for the mitigation process. This is because it indicates that the vulnerability is actively being exploited by a known threat actor, and that the organization’s security monitoring system has detected signs of compromise. This poses a high risk of data breach, service disruption, or other adverse impacts. References:How to Prioritize Vulnerabilities Effectively: Vulnerability Prioritization Explained, Section: How to prioritize vulnerabilities step by step to avoid drowning in sea of problems; CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide: Exam CS0-003, 3rd Edition, Chapter 4: Security Operations and Monitoring, page 156.

The malicious activity that was most likely attempted is SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery). This is a type of attack that exploits a vulnerable web application to make requests to other resources on behalf of the web server. In this case, the attacker tried to use the fopen function to access the local loopback address (127.0.0.1) on port 16, which could be a service that is not intended to be exposed to the public. The connection was refused, indicating that the port was closed or filtered. References: CompTIA CySA+ Study Guide: Exam CS0-003, 3rd Edition, Chapter 2: Software and Application Security, page 66.