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Data owner is a management role that's responsible for all aspects of how data is used and protected. The database administrator, data custodian, and data processor are all technical roles that involve the actual use and consumption of data, or the implementation of security controls and policies with the data.

KPIs fall under the "business" aspect of QoS, along with monitoring and measuring of events and business processes. Services, security, and applications are all core components and concepts of the "IT" aspect of QoS.

A keyboard-video-mouse (KVM) system is commonly used for directly accessing server terminals in a data center. It is not a method that would be possible within a cloud environment, primarily due to the use virtualized systems, but also because only the cloud provider's staff would be allowed the physical access to hardware systems that's provided by a KVM. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), virtual private network (VPN), and Transport Layer Security (TLS) are all technologies and protocols that are widely used with cloud implementations for secure access to systems and services.

Representational State Transfer (REST) is a software architectural scheme that applies the components, connectors, and data conduits for many web applications used on the Internet. It uses and relies on the HTTP protocol and supports a variety of data formats. Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Security AssertionMarkup Language (SAML) are both standards for exchanging encoded data between two parties, with XML being for more general use and SAML focused on authentication and authorization data. Secure Shell client (SSH) is a secure method for allowing remote login to systems over a network.

Due to the lack of an adequate privacy law or protection at the federal level in the United States, European privacy regulations generally prohibit the exporting or sharing of PII from Europe with the United States. Participation in the Safe Harbor program is voluntary on behalf of an organization, but it does require them to conform to specific requirements and policies that mirror those from the EU. Thus, organizations can fulfill requirements for data sharing and export and possibly serve customers in the EU.

DNSSEC is used as a security extension to DNS lookup queries in order to ensure the authenticity and authoritativeness of hostname resolutions, in order to prevent spoofing and redirection of traffic. Although it is a very important concept to be employed for security practices, it is not used to secure or encrypt data transmissions. HTTPS is the most commonly used security mechanism for data communications between clients and websites and web services. IPSec is less commonly used, but is also intended to secure communications between servers. VPN is commonly used to secure traffic into a network area or subnet for developers and administrative users.

It is imperative that an application perform checks when each function or portion of the application is accessed, to ensure that the user is properly authorized to access it. Without continual checks each time a function is accessed, an attacker could forge requests to access portions of the application where authorization has not been granted.

The SOAP protocol only supports the XML data format.