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According to the AWS Cloud Operations, Governance, and Compliance documentation, AWS Config provides managed rules that automatically evaluate resource configurations for compliance. The “required-tags” managed rule allows CloudOps teams to specify mandatory tags (e.g., Environment, Owner, CostCenter) and automatically detect non-compliant resources such as DynamoDB tables.Furthermore, AWS Config supports automatic remediation through AWS Systems Manager Automation runbooks, enabling correction actions (for example, adding missing tags) without manual intervention. This automation minimizes operational overhead and ensures continuous compliance across multiple accounts.Using a custom Lambda function (Options A or B) introduces unnecessary management complexity, while EventBridge rules alone (Option D) do not provide resource compliance tracking or historical visibility.Therefore, Option C provides the most efficient, fully managed, and compliant CloudOps solution.

Per the AWS Cloud Operations, Networking, and Security documentation, the best practice for serving private S3 content securely to end users is to use Amazon CloudFront with Origin Access Control (OAC).OAC enables CloudFront to access S3 buckets privately, even when Block Public Access settings are enabled at the account level. This allows content to be delivered globally and securely without making the S3 bucket public. The bucket policy explicitly allows access only from the CloudFront distribution, ensuring that users can retrieve PDF files only via CloudFront URLs.This configuration offers:Automatic scalability through CloudFront caching,Improved security via private access control,Minimal administration effort with fully managed services.Other options require manual handling or make the bucket public, violating AWS security best practices.Therefore, Option B–using CloudFront with Origin Access Control and a restrictive bucket policy– provides the most secure, efficient, and low-maintenance CloudOps solution.

Per the AWS Cloud Operations and S3 Data Management documentation, Cross-Region Replication (CRR) automatically replicates new objects between S3 buckets across Regions. However, CRR alone does not retroactively replicate existing objects created before replication configuration. To include such objects, AWS introduced S3 Batch Replication.S3 Batch Replication scans the source bucket and replicates all existing objects that were not copied previously. Additionally, it can retry failed replication tasks automatically, ensuring regulatory compliance for complete dataset replication.S3 Replication Time Control (S3 RTC) guarantees predictable replication times for new objects only– it does not cover previously stored data. S3 Lifecycle rules (Option D) move or transition objects between storage classes or buckets, but not in a replication context.Therefore, the correct solution is to use S3 Cross-Region Replication (CRR) combined with S3 Batch Replication to ensure all current and future data is synchronized across Regions with retry capability.

According to the AWS Cloud Operations and Networking documentation, instances in a private subnet do not have a direct route to the internet gateway and thus require a NAT gateway for outbound internet access.The correct configuration is to create a NAT gateway in the public subnet, associate an Elastic IP address, and then update the private subnet’s route table to send all 0.0.0.0/0 traffic to the NAT gateway. This enables instances in the private subnet to initiate outbound connections while keeping inbound traffic blocked for security.Placing the NAT gateway inside the private subnet (Options C or D) prevents connectivity because it would not have a route to the internet gateway. Configuring routes from the public subnet to the NAT gateway (Option B) does not serve private subnet traffic.Hence, Option A follows AWS best practices for enabling secure, managed, outbound-only internet access from private resources.

As per the AWS Cloud Operations and Event Monitoring documentation, the most efficient method for event-driven notification is to use Amazon EventBridge to detect specific EC2 API events and trigger a Simple Notification Service (SNS) alert.EventBridge continuously monitors AWS service events, including RunInstances, which signals the creation of new EC2 instances. When such an event occurs, EventBridge sends it to an SNS topic, which then immediately emails subscribed recipients — in this case, the architecture team.This combination provides real-time, serverless notifications with minimal management. SQS (Option C) is designed for queue-based processing, not direct user alerts. User data scripts (Option A) and custom polling with Lambda (Option D) introduce unnecessary operational complexity and latency.Hence, Option B is the correct and AWS-recommended CloudOps design for immediate launch notifications.

In the AWS Cloud Operations and Aurora documentation, when data loss occurs due to human error such as dropped tables, Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) is the recommended method for restoration. PITR creates a new Aurora cluster restored to a specific time before the failure.The restored cluster has a new endpoint that must be reconfigured in the application to resume normal operations. AWS does not support performing PITR directly on an existing production database because that would overwrite current data.Aurora Backtrack (Option A) applies only to Aurora MySQL, not PostgreSQL. Option B is incorrect because PITR cannot be executed in place. Option D refers to an import process from S3, which is unrelated to time-based recovery.Hence, Option C is correct and follows the AWS CloudOps standard recovery pattern for PostgreSQL workloads.

As documented in AWS Cloud Operations and Database Recovery, Aurora Backtrack allows you to rewind the existing database cluster to a chosen point in time without creating a new cluster. This feature supports fine-grained rollback for accidental data changes, making it ideal for scenarios like table deletions or logical corruption.Backtracking maintains continuous transaction logs and permits rewinding within a configurable window (up to 72 hours). It does not require creating a new cluster or endpoint, and it preserves the same production environment, fulfilling the operational requirement for in-place recovery.In contrast, Point-in-Time Recovery (Option D) always creates a new cluster, while replica promotion (Option A) and Lambda restoration (Option B) are unrelated to immediate rollback operations.Therefore, Option C, using Aurora Backtrack, best meets the requirement for same-cluster restoration and minimal downtime.

The AWS Cloud Operations and Monitoring documentation specifies that the Amazon CloudWatch Agent is the recommended tool for collecting system and application logs from EC2 instances. The agent pushes these logs into a centralized CloudWatch Logs group, providing durable storage and real-time monitoring.Once the logs are centralized, a CloudWatch Metric Filter can be configured to search for specific error keywords (for example, “ERROR” or “FAILURE”). This filter transforms matching log entries into custom metrics. From there, a CloudWatch Alarm can monitor the metric threshold and publish notifications to an Amazon SNS topic, which can send email or SMS alerts to subscribed recipients.This combination provides a fully automated, managed, and serverless solution for log aggregation and error alerting. It eliminates the need for manual cron jobs (Option B), custom scripts (Option D), or Lambda-based log streaming (Option C).

According to AWS Cloud Operations and Systems Manager documentation, Session Manager requires that each managed instance be associated with an IAM instance profile that grants Systems Manager core permissions. The required permissions are provided by the AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore AWS-managed policy.If this policy is missing or misconfigured, the Systems Manager Agent (SSM Agent) cannot communicate with the Systems Manager service, causing connection failures even if the agent is installed and running. This explains why other instances work–those instances likely have the correct IAM role attached.Enabling port 22 (Option A) violates the company’s security policy, while configuring user names (Option C) and key pairs (Option D) are irrelevant because Session Manager operates over secure API channels, not SSH keys.Therefore, the correct resolution is to attach or update the instance profile with the AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore policy, restoring Session Manager connectivity.

The AWS Cloud Operations and Security documentation confirms that AWS WAF (Web Application Firewall) is designed to protect web applications from application-layer threats, including SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and other OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities.When integrated with an Application Load Balancer, AWS WAF inspects incoming traffic using rule groups. The AWS Managed Rules for SQL Injection Protection provide preconfigured, continuously updated filters that detect and block malicious SQL patterns.AWS Shield (Standard or Advanced) defends against DDoS attacks, not application-layer SQL attacks, and vulnerability scanners (Option C) only detect, not prevent, exploitation.Thus, Option D provides the correct, managed, and automated protection aligned with AWS best practices.